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Zahran et al. J Endod 2022;48:479–486 Assessing the Iatrogenic Contribution to Contamination During Root Canal Treatment

Asepsis in endodontics aims to control all potential sources of infection. Inadvertent introduction of bacteria into the root canal system may occur when the aseptic chain is breached during treatment. This study aimed to assess potential bacterial contamination and the potential risk of iatrogenic introduction from 7 sites comprising surfaces, instruments, and files acquired during the treatment of 30 vital teeth with irreversible pulpitis.

Materials & Methods: Bacterial samples were collected from access burs, files, endodontic rulers, rubber dam surfaces, gloves, and instruments. Genomic DNA was extracted and quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Bacterial types were determined using next generation sequencing.Results: Thirty-eight percent of the initial files introduced into the root canal had significant levels of bacteria at the point of obturation, including endodontic pathogens. Around half of the rubber dam surfaces were contaminated with substantial bacterial loads at the time of obturation, and bacteria were also detected in 20-30% of gloves, instruments and rulers before obturation. Conclusions: Gloves, rubber dams, instruments, and files acquire bacterial contamination during treatment at high frequencies and loads. This highlights the potential risk of iatrogenic contamination at the clinically vulnerable point of canal obturation. Measures to address these may improve clinical outcomes.